Enigma Man a Stone Age Mystery

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Around 50,000 years ago,

in a prehistoric forest of East Asia,

the first humans arrived from

Africa to live and to hunt.

Just a few thousand individuals

would become the ancestors

of all the people of East Asia,

Australia and the Americas.

This vast land was thought to be empty

when they took their first

steps here but now it appears

they were not alone.

This remote cave in Southwest China

is the final resting place

of strange unknown humans.

Their remains had laid

undisturbed for millennia

until a chance encounter

brought them to light.

Now, we are faced with a

shocking possibility.

We may have unearthed a

new species of human.

In a way, it's the sort of

thing you wouldn't ask for.

What we faced here was a discovery

that challenged everything we understood

about human evolution.

These ancient bones may change forever

our understanding of where we came from

and what makes us human.

On a quiet mountain road in the

Chinese province of Yunnan,

two men from very different

worlds are on a journey

back in time.

Ji Xueping, a Chinese paleontologist

is traveling with Australian

paleoanthropologist,

Darren Curnoe.

They're on their way south

to one of the most important

archaeological sites in Asia.

I've wanted to work in

Asia my whole career.

I was at Asia these days where

it's an amazing opportunity.

It's close to Australia that

would help us understand

the origins of indigenous Australians

but also Asia in many ways seem to me to be

like a blank canvas

particularly with the question

of the origins of modern humans.

Asia today has more than half

the world's living population

but yet we know so little

about their origins

and their relationship to people

in other parts of the world.

In 1989, mine workers accidentally

unearthed ancient looking human remains

at this site in Southern Yunnan.

They lay alongside bones of red deer

that once roamed this region.

Locals soon dubbed the site

Maludong, the Red Deer Cave.

The mine's closed and the

mysterious bones were moved

to a nearby museum.

There, they lay buried

in the volts, unstudied

for almost 20 years.

Then in 2007, Ji invited Darren

to help investigate these fossils.

They were unlike any he had ever seen.

They were charred and strange

and included part of a skull

with holes drilled into both sides.

This is the most complete

skull from Maludong

and it's also the one

that has the most events

from modification, alteration by humans.

The entire base of the

skull has been cut off,

chipped away using stone

tools and then they've used

another tool to smooth the edges

and to actually polish it.

To understand what this skull cut means,

they called in an expert

in ancient human habits.

Cultural anthropologist Paul Tacon.

Making of skull cups is a

very modern form of behavior

and the Neanderthals didn't

make skull containers,

all the other known

examples past and present

were made from the skulls of modern humans.

Sometimes, these were made

for use in ceremonies.

They sometimes were made

from the skulls of enemies.

It was a way of insulting your enemy

by drinking from their skull.

Besides purposely shaping

the edge of the skull

to make it into a nice container, two holes

were purposely drilled on either side

but not exactly in the center.

They're drilled close to

the front of the skull

where most of the weight is.

So, the person who fashioned

this was very ingenious.

They figured out that since

there was more weight here,

put the holes closer to it,

it will sit nicely in the

air without spilling.

For Paul, this was the handy work

of a sophisticated modern human,

but for Darren and Ji,

the anatomy of the bones

told a different story.

When we started to look

at the remains in detail,

it actually became very unsettling

because they're just so unusual.

In many ways they just look so primitive.

The shape of the eyebrow

bone is really unusual,

very prominent and the brain

case itself is really low

and very rounded.

These look like they should be one or two

or maybe even 300,000 years old.

The enigmatic features of the Red Deer Cave

fossils post puzzling

questions about human origins

in this part of the world.

To date much of the focus

on human evolution

has been a long way from Maludong,

across the world in Africa

considered to be the birth place

of our direct ancestors and

the cradle of all humanity.

So the first few million

years of our evolution

were in Africa with this ape

like two footed creatures

and they gave rise to Homo erectus.

Homo erectus is the first

human like creature

to leave Africa.

It settled Europe and East

Asia and survived in Asia

until about half a million years ago.

And we up here in the

record, the fossil record

about 200,000 years ago

modern humans or Homo sapiens

and the subset of us left

Africa about 80,000 years ago,

settled the rest of the planet

and gave rise to all living people.

The out of Africa story remains

the predominant theory for the

origin of all human species.

Well, it's overwhelmingly

an African European story.

I think it's fair to say

that there's been a bias

in our work for almost 100

years where most of the work

has been done in Africa and

Europe or most of the evidence

has come from those places.

As our ancestors colonize the globe,

they entered unknown territories.

In Europe, they encountered

the Neanderthals,

our closest ancient human cousins.

But most anthropologists

believe that by the time

modern humans arrived in Asia,

all previous human species

there had died out.

Then in 2004 on the island

of Flores in Indonesia,

scientists discovered fossils

of an ancient creature.

No more than a meter tall

and with a tiny brain.

Homo floresiensis revolutionized

the long pound theories

of human evolution.

It came to be known as the hobbit.

When the hobbit was found, many of us

just couldn't believe

what was being proposed.

It was something that look

like human like creatures

of three million years ago

surviving until 17,000 years ago

in Indonesia are on a highland

with sophisticated culture.

It didn't make any sense.

The hobbit really threw

things up in the air

because that was the first of its kind

being something really completely

outlandish being found.

Professor Bert Roberts was part

of the original team that

discovered the hobbit.

In the recent past, that

was in the last few

tens of thousands of

years, we thought it was

much simpler situation.

There's us Homo sapiens,

there's Neanderthals

in Western Asia or in Europe

and the rest of the world

was pretty much empty

of other human species

and suddenly out of nowhere we

got a brand new type of human

who's still surviving

until very, very recently

and yet such an ancient design.

You think wow, if we can

find this brand new species

just below the ground today,

how many are we missing out there?

Maybe we'll be misidentifying

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