National Geographic: The New Chimpanzees

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"THE NEW CHIMPANZEES"

Chimpanzees.

So like us,

we are both captivated and repelled.

As we move through the looking glass

into their world we are transformed.

Chimpanzees,

our forest-dwelling counterparts,

unite us with the rest of nature.

Eerily, they recall our

prehistoric ancestors.

Their social life reflects ours, too.

With paramilitary patrols

political struggles for power

and gain even outright wars.

The tender affection they show

for one another

their gestures and expressions

all seem strangely familiar.

Their invention of

tools forced us to redefine

what sets humanity apart

from the beast.

And now we discover that

chimps developed not only tools,

but entire cultures which they pass on

to their young.

Even medicine seems within their grasp

And when stalked by death,

they seem to feel a sorrow we can share.

With a shiver of recognition,

we glimpse the mind of the chimp

and realize we are not alone.

Come with us on a voyage of discovery,

a journey into our collective past.

We retrace our steps

back into the forest of Africa,

the ancient homeland our species

abandoned some six million years ago.

We left behind, then,

our closest relation the one being

on this planet most like us.

For there is a mind in the forest,

a mind very much like our own,

And it lights the eyes of the chimp.

Chimpanzees share more than 97%

of our genes.

And it shows.

The invention and use of tools

was supposed to set us apart

from the other animals.

But this chimpanzee is "fishing"

for safari ants

with a wand specially selected

and pruned for the task.

Chimps make and use many tools

skills passed on from mother

to child part

of their cultural heritage.

"Ant-fishing" requires real expertise.

Safari ants are a rich food source,

but they pack a vicious bite.

With one fell swoop, they're down.

At eight years of age,

her daughter still has much to learn.

But someday she will master

this technique,

not just by trial and error

but by watching her mother at work.

For the past 35 years,

scientists have been watching

and learning from her mother, as well.

She was an infant herself

when she met her first human being,

who named her Fifi.

That human was Jane Goodall.

Jane came to know Fifi,

her mother Flo

and her entire family quite intimately

Goodall was the first human

to be accepted by wild chimpanzees.

What she discovered revolutionized our

concept of chimps and of ourselves.

All across Africa,

others have followed Goodall's lead.

A second species of chimpanzee

is studied by Takayoshi Kano.

Called bonobos, they're famous

for their human like appearance,

and the way they substitute sex

for violence

unlike the more

aggressive chimp studied

by Goodall and Christophe Boesch.

Boesch has unveiled hunting strategies

and elaborate tool use among rainforest

Chimps leading him to suggest

these things might have evolved

before our forbears left the forest.

And Richard Wrangham believes

he may even have discovered Chimps

practicing a primitive kind

of medicine.

The new research takes us ever

further into the chimp's world,

giving us a new perspective

on our shared legacy.

Chimpanzees and humans sprang

from the same primate stock.

Our paths diverged only

some six million years ago,

with our human forbears moving

onto the plains

leaving the forest to the chimpanzees.

But shared characteristics are written

deep in both our primate souls.

Chimps, too, are capable of

creating distinct cultures.

Various "nations" of chimps cling

to life across the African landscape.

Chimpanzees once thrived throughout

the forests of equatorial Africa,

while bonobos were restricted

to the Congo basin.

Today, both species survive

in isolated fragments,

and are studied at a handful of sites.

Gombe, on the shore of Lake Tanganyika

in Tanzania,

was where Jane Goodall began her

study 35 years ago.

Fifi is the only chimp still alive

from that time

with six surviving offspring.

Freud, her eldest,

is now the dominant male in her group,

while her younger son, Frodo,

is the largest chimp at Gombe and

working his way up the male hierarchy.

Freud now leads the tightly

bonded party of males that

form the core of the group.

Male chimps stay in the group

of their birth,

and cooperate when there

is common cause.

Every week or so,

the males form

a paramilitary patrol to defend

and test the borders

of their territory.

In single file and total silence,

they follow their leader

in search of trespassing neighbors.

Hair standing on end, they listen

for the voices of their foes.

Each community of male chimps

jealously guard their territory

and the females in residence.

A stranger turns and flees.

Though groups of males rarely engage

in battle,

an individual caught

by a border patrol is at serious risk.

In the 1970's, Jane Goodall described

a harrowing chain of events.

Her study group split in two,

and over the course of four years,

the males of one group

systematically hunted down

and brutally killed every adult

in the other group

chilling evidence that warfare

is a painful legacy

from our primate forbears.

Gombe's steep slopes the stage

for all this high drama tumble

from open grassland to riverene forest,

from the top of the Great Rift

to the blue basin of Tanganyika.

Today, a new generation climbs

the path blazed by Jane Goodall.

Charlotte Uhlenbroek

is studying pant hoots,

the long range calls of chimps.

She follows one male all day,

recording the precise time and

circumstances of any pant hoot he makes

Her Tanzanian associate, Issa Salala,

follows another male and does the same

At the end of the day,

they will compare their notes,

to see whether they've witnessed

two sides of a conversation,

and to try and decipher its meaning.

The pant hoots are certainly

conveying some meaning.

Um, what, what I'm trying

to find out is exactly

how specific are the meanings

of these different calls.

I mean, um, does a particular pant-hoot

convey something about a food source?

Does it say, Come here boys?

Does it say I'll meet you up

in the next valley?

Or are they directed at family members

at allies, at friends?

Or are they just, generally, Anyone

that can hear me, this is my message?

We haven't got our ears tuned in.

I mean, it's like different

cultures very often,

it's difficult to hear a slightly

different, uh, pronunciation.

So, certainly, we're not hearing all

the difference out of these.

Sometimes, there's still just a

cacophony of screams out there and you

very hard push to pull them apart;

but, I'm sure the chimps can,

I'm sure they,

they know exactly what's going on.

Sometimes words won't suffice.

Males perform displays dramatic

performances designed to establish

their dominance and intimidate rivals.

Fearless, Frodo sometimes

uses the human researchers

to enhance his displays.

Even Charlotte has fallen prey.

He'll give me a whack.

He'll just, just kind of add

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