Treasure Seekers: Glories of the Ancient Aegean

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In the dim past of Europe,

by the shores of the Aegean Sea,

the ancient bards told stories

of a golden age long ago,

a time when men were heroes

larger than life,

when the daring Theseus

battled the Minotaur,

and soldiers clashed over the face

of the beautiful Helen

who brought down the walls of Troy.

For hundreds of generations

these tales will pass down as myths.

Then in the 19th century,

two remarkable men

dared to believe that

the myths were clues to the treasures

of a forgotten past.

Their extraordinary adventures

uncovered the roots

of Western civilization.

In the 19th century,

archeology was in its infancy.

Ancient Greece was considered

the beginning of Western civilization,

its architecture the most beautiful;

its ideas the foundation

for everything to come.

Yet its roots before the 8th century

B.C. were shrouded in mystery.

Did this extraordinary civilization

spring out of nowhere?

Or did another, almost as advanced,

come before it?

The only accounts of

an earlier age were legends

that nearly everyone dismissed

as myths.

The first grade works of

Western literature,

the Iliad and the Odyssey, were

considered fiction, nothing more.

Who could have guessed that

Homer's beloved stories

could lead the way to a real past?

In Athens today a classical temple

marks the grave of Heinrich Schliemann,

to some, the father of archeology.

To others, an impetuous fool.

To Schliemann, Homer's stories

of the Trojan War were true,

and he set out to prove it.

His incredible discoveries pushed back

European history a thousand years.

Schliemann's story

has been romanticized

in films, books, even grand opera.

But none more fantastical

than his own stories about himself.

I think he thought that

he was the center of the world.

And I think he had a kind of

medieval map of the world

in which he was at the center

and everything else

was in concentric circles around him.

I think he was

the most frightful big head.

Schliemann throughout his life was

pretty cavalier with the truth.

He, I don't think, distinguished

so clearly as most of us do

between what is true

and what is false.

He tended to tell the story

that suited the moment.

Schliemann's personal myths stretched

all the way back to his childhood.

He was born in 1822

in northeastern Germany.

At the age of 7, he tells how

his father gave him a history book

with a picture of the ancient city

of Troy in flames.

Electrified by the site,

the young Heinrich asked

what had become of the great city.

His father explained that Troy had

burned to the ground leaving no trace.

Unconvinced, Heinrich disagreed:

"Father," retorted I,

"if such worlds once existed,

they cannot have been

completely destroyed.

Vast ruins of them must still remain

hidden away beneath the dust of ages."

In the end we both agreed that

I should one day excavate Troy.

It's a wonderful story, but there's

really no reason why we need to believe it.

He tells us not a day went by

where he thought about this goal

of earning enough money

to go out and excavate Troy.

But we have thousands of letters and

many diaries when he was a young man.

There's no mention of going out

and excavating Troy.

Schliemann may have been trying to

mask the truth of a painful childhood.

His mother died young,

but not before his minister father

lost his job

by committing adultery

with the housemaid.

Schliemann had to drop out of school

to help support his brothers and sisters.

All this, I think, etched itself

deeply onto Schliemann's mind.

He was left with a bitter,

bitter resentment about it in later life.

On the other hand,

the drive for all that he achieved

came out of this unhappy childhood.

Schliemann's story continues

like a fairy tale.

He ran away to sea,

was shipwrecked,

and then became a clerk

for a trading house in Amsterdam.

Toiling endlessly,

he taught himself languages

by copying passages

and then learning them by heart.

He mastered at least

ten languages this way.

As Schliemann himself said:

Talent means energy and persistence,

and nothing more.

Schliemann's talent was making money.

With energy and persistence,

the obsessive German became

an international merchant,

trading in commodities like indigo.

In 1849, prospectors struck gold

in California.

Ever the opportunist, Schliemann

joined the Gold Rush.

In Sacramento, he opened a bank,

buying gold dust from the miners

and lending them money at 12 percent

interest per month.

After two years,

he left California a very rich man.

My biggest fault-

being a braggart and a bluffer-

yielded countless advantages.

And there were even more to come.

Russia was on the brink of war,

so Schliemann cornered the market on

saltpeter, an ingredient of gunpowder.

The Crimean War made his fortune.

It seemed that everything

he touched turned to gold,

except his social standing.

His unhappy marriage to the daughter of

a St. Petersburg lawyer didn't help.

The uneducated merchant was shunned

as nouveau riche.

Now in his mid-40s,

Schliemann realized he wanted more

out of life than making money.

He wanted respect.

The situation in 1868

was that he was adrift.

He'd divorced his first wife,

a Russian woman.

He had sewed up his business

in St. Petersburg,

and he didn't know what to do.

He was going through a kind of

mid-life crisis.

And he took a journey to the

Mediterranean, to Italy and to Greece.

It was during the course of

that journey,

he was looking for something to do with

the rest of his life and he found it.

In June of 1868, Schliemann

arrived at the ruins of Pompeii.

Buried under layers of volcanic ash

for almost 1800 years,

this lost city was in the midst of

a spectacular rediscovery.

Excavations had uncovered

magnificent public spaces.

And rescued intimate frescos

from the buried houses.

Schliemann was captivated

by this journey into a lost world.

For the first time he met a real

archeologist, Giuseppe Fiorelli.

It was the Italian's innovation to

inject plaster into the ancient ash,

revealing the forms of the Pompeiians

caught in the last moments of life.

At this point, archeology was more

romance than science,

with few precedents

and even fewer rules.

Needless to say,

it was right up Schliemann's alley.

As he continued his travels,

His diaries began to

reflect a new direction.

He would set off on

a grand archeological adventure

and uncover the biggest

challenge of all:

the legendary city of Troy.

But first he had to find it.

When Heinrich Schliemann set out

on his quest for Troy,

most people believed the city

was a myth.

For one thing, it wasn't on the map.

Legend had placed Troy on the Dardanelles,

near the coast of present-day Turkey

But no ruins identified

the great city.

It was as if the site

of the Trojan War-

the greatest war story ever told-

had never existed.

But for thousands of years people

had repeated Homer's tale.

How Helen, the face that launched

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