Trinity and Beyond Page #2

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With a yield of 20 kilotons,

similar to that of Trinity,

this weapon will be considered

as a normal bomb,

and serve as a model for

future nuclear weapons.

- 11 months later -

But our main objectives

are the warships.

We try to first learn

What types of ships, training

tactical and strategic needs

of our own naval forces

who survive best

an attack with nuclear weapons

in case we need to cope.

OPERATION CROSSROADS

11 months after the bombing

Hiroshima and Nagasaki,

the operation was conducted Crossroads

on Bikini Atoll

4000km to the west of Hawaii.

The aim of the operation

was to test the effects of weapons

nuclear using two devices

similar in design to those

Trinity and Nagasaki.

Their code names:

"Able" and "Baker".

Able to be launched

from a B-29,

while Baker was detonated

to 30 m below the water surface.

The fleet consisted of target

185 Japanese ships

German and American.

From small amphibious craft

to battleships and aircraft carriers.

The bomb will not start a

chain reaction in water,

converting it all to gas

and to ensure that all vessels,

of all the oceans, fall to the bottom.

It will not explode

the bottom of the ocean

and bring down all the water

a hole in

It will not destroy gravity.

I am not an "Atomic Playboy"

as one of my critics called me,

that these bombs would explode

to satisfy my personal whim.

Animals, plants, and similar agents

biological warfare were assembled

to study the effects of heat,

blast and radiation.

The bomb missed its target

of almost 750 meters

The explosion sent five ships,

including two destroyers,

the lake bottom of Bikini.

All vessels within 800m

were severely damaged.

But the damage was

far from those caused

by the underwater explosion

that followed, called Baker.

5, 4, 3, 2, 1,

fire.

Baker was an underwater explosion

Navy of the same device,

and caused much more damage

the fleet to 70 vessels.

For example, on the USS Saratoga

the shockwave submarine tore

the bottom of the hull of the boat.

Saratoga sank still lies

at the bottom of the sea from Bikini.

I flew several times

the site and on a clear,

if the water is calm,

you can still see the Saratoga.

The area around

the explosion of Baker

had become highly radioactive,

and could not be

approached for some time.

This effect was not expected,

and led to the decision

President Truman

to cancel a third nuclear test

deep called "Charlie."

Here the city of Los Alamos,

to 1500 meters.

The Atomic City .

is a modern city

created by United States

as a research center

and development of nuclear weapons.

We are talking about a region

remote and primitive,

men must leave their homes

laboratories and their States,

for a term which may

reach for months.

Since 1943, when

Los Alamos was founded,

these men left

the continental limits of the United States

to test weapons

they have created.

Two years after

Operation Crossroads,

President Truman authorized

to conduct the operation Sandstone.

While the goal of Crossroads

was to test the effect

nuclear weapons,

Sandstone objective was to test

design new weapons.

Plans for these weapons were

initiated several years earlier

when researchers from Trinity

have developed other models

experimental atomic weapons,

but were not sure of their success.

A joint working group was created

to go back into the peaceful,

and obtain the island of Enewetak,

300 km west of Bikini,

Crossroads which had taken place.

In early November, the first

Construction crews arrived

to remove all the vegetation of the island,

clean the area and dump

tonnes of asphalt for roads.

In six months, the team built

temporary housing

for many scientists and military

necessary for the operation Sandstone.

Perched on steel towers

60 meters high,

the three devices used to Sandstone

employed a new technology

to double the explosive power

of the bomb

using the same amount of

plutonium spent in Nagasaki.

This technology meets the requirements

Department of Defense

create more effective bombs

and increase the capacity of

store nuclear weapons.

Radio controlled tanks,

guided by helicopter

recovered samples

fission near "ground zero",

for measuring the intensity of

neutrons and gamma rays.

Radiochemical analysis

pulverized coral sand

revealed the secrets

the nuclear reaction,

and helped to determine the effectiveness of

bombs of new design.

The results of Sandstone affectrent

the design of future nuclear weapons,

making the components 'Mark-3', used

for the production of Fat Man, obsolete.

Designs 'Mark-4' and 'Mark-5'

led to better performance and a

lighter weight for nuclear weapons.

The division of the laboratory Z

Los Alamos National

moved to the base has Sand,

located in Albuquerque, New Mexico,

near Kirtland Air Force Base.

The main objective of the Sandia Base

was the study and production of nuclear weapons

"Mobile" designed at Los Alamos.

in October 1949,

Western Electric contracted with

The Committee on Atomic Energy,

agreement "no taxes, no profit"

to form the Sandia Corporation

who took control

the basis of Los Alamos.

Sandia has led to techniques

production lines

and mass production

nuclear weapons,

to increase the supply of arms

tactical and strategic nation.

After returning from Bikini,

in public statements,

interviews and published articles,

Admiral Blandey

made important recommendations

on atomic bombs.

It is essential that no other nation

takes the ascendancy over the United States

in the development, manufacture and

the use of tactical nuclear weapons.

"TRUMAN SAYS RUSSIAN

HAVE A BOMB"

"THE L legislator TOLD OF SECRETS

AMERICAN FLIGHT AID S S HAVE THE RUSSIANS"

On 29 August 1949, the Russians did

exploded their first atomic bomb.

This event,

which took place five years earlier

than anyone in the west

have been expected,

was largely responsible

a man, Klaus Fuchs.

Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos,

spent blueprints

the design of

Trinity to the Russians.

With the emergence of the USSR

as a nuclear rival in 1949,

the United States were convinced

have good reasons

increase their programs

nuclear testing.

It was very expensive and it

involved a lot of logistics

perform operations

in the Pacific.

In this and in January 1951, the United States

inaugurated the test area of?? Nevada,

we now call

"The Nevada Test Site"

which is located approximately 100 km

north of Las Vegas.

Before you can test the

Weapons of Operation Greenhouse,

the operation was performed Ranger

during which five

new types of nuclear weapons

were launched on

new test area.

First explosion to United States

from Trinity.

With the confidence of having

The new weapons in hand,

Operation Greenhouse was

conducted in Spring 1951.

4 launches took place

Greenhouse during the operation.

One of them, "Easy"

a structural test was controlled

by the Ministry of Defence.

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